What is Prospect-Refuge Theory?

First introduced by geographer Jay Appleton in the 1970s, Prospect-Refuge Theory suggests that people naturally seek spaces where they can see without being seen—a place where they can observe the world while feeling shielded from exposure. It explains why we gravitate toward corner tables in cafes, booths in restaurants, or seats by windows in airports—spaces where we can watch the world unfold around us without feeling on display. These spaces provide a sense of safety, comfort, and control.

Designing for Comfort and Inclusivity

But Prospect-Refuge Theory isn't just a design curiosity; it’s a valuable framework for creating spaces that support well-being for everyone. Architects, interior designers, and planners are using these principles to craft environments that cater to a variety of needs. This is especially important in public spaces where diverse groups of people gather, including the elderly, neurodivergent individuals, and those with sensory sensitivities.

For example, schools are incorporating quiet corners and reading nooks where students can retreat from the bustle of busy hallways. Restaurants are adding booths and semi-enclosed seating areas to offer privacy and intimacy while maintaining a connection to the broader dining room. Airports are integrating lounges with secluded seating and calming decor, allowing travelers to find peace amidst the chaos of transit. Even offices are adopting designs that feature small, private workspaces in addition to open collaborative areas, acknowledging that different tasks and personalities require different environments.

Balancing Group and Individual Needs

A critical aspect of this approach is the balance between spaces designed for groups and those for individuals. Historically, many public and workspaces have emphasized open, communal areas that encourage collaboration and social interaction. However, this can often lead to stress and distraction, particularly for those who need solitude to recharge or focus deeply.

Consider the layout of a modern office. Instead of an endless sea of desks, more companies are choosing to incorporate a variety of seating options: shared tables for teamwork, private booths for focused work, and lounge areas for informal conversations. Schools are moving away from rigid classroom setups and are creating flexible learning environments that allow for both group work and independent study.

Restaurants, too, are recognizing the importance of offering a range of seating options. In addition to large communal tables that foster a lively atmosphere, many are adding smaller, more private spaces that cater to couples or individuals seeking a quieter dining experience. This flexibility reduces stress, fosters a sense of control, and accommodates a wider range of social preferences.

The Human Desire to Be the Viewer, Not the Viewee

A core tenet of Prospect-Refuge Theory is that people prefer to be the viewer rather than the viewee. Spaces that offer a sense of prospect—where individuals can see their surroundings while remaining unseen—cater to a fundamental human desire for security and comfort. Think of how popular window seats are in restaurants, or how many people choose benches in parks that provide a wide view of the landscape. In an office, strategically placed desks or pods that allow employees to observe the room without feeling exposed can significantly enhance comfort and productivity.

In schools, classrooms with varied seating arrangements—including corner spots or alcoves—allow students who may feel overstimulated or socially anxious to learn comfortably. Airports are designing with areas where travelers can rest without feeling like they are constantly under observation, such as lounges with softer lighting and partitions that provide a sense of personal space. (Opposite of the typical situations similar to the image shown below).

The Role of Sound, Light, and Privacy: Insights from WELL Certification

Sound, lighting, and privacy are equally vital in creating environments that feel welcoming. The WELL Building Standard, which guides the design of healthy buildings, highlights how these factors significantly impact our comfort and stimuli response.

In offices, thoughtful acoustic design—such as sound-absorbing panels or quiet zones—can reduce the distracting noise of phone calls and conversations, creating a calmer, more productive work environment. Schools are experimenting with acoustic treatments that minimize noise from hallways, enhancing concentration in classrooms. Airports and restaurants are using soundscaping techniques to balance ambient noise levels, ensuring spaces feel lively but not overwhelming.

Lighting also plays a crucial role. The WELL Standard advocates for maximizing natural light and using adjustable artificial lighting to mimic daylight patterns, which helps regulate our circadian rhythms and improve mood. In schools, large windows and skylights are becoming common to create bright, engaging learning environments. Offices and airports are incorporating adaptable lighting systems that can be adjusted throughout the day, reducing eye strain and enhancing focus.

Privacy—both visual and auditory—can significantly impact how we feel in a space. In restaurants, strategic furniture placement or the use of plants can create a sense of enclosure without cutting off the space entirely. Offices are adding quiet rooms or phone booths where employees can take calls or work without interruption. In schools, flexible partitions allow classrooms to be reconfigured to create private spaces when needed, accommodating different learning styles and needs.